Battery, an essential core component in some explosion-proof devices, especially secondary batteries used in portable products, are widely used in explosion-proof mobile phones, explosion-proof intercoms, explosion-proof handheld terminals, and other applications.
Current commonly used batteries:
1. Lead acid batteries (VRLA):
Definition: An electrode is mainly made of lead and its oxides, and the electrolyte is a sulfuric acid solution for a battery. In the discharge state of lead-acid batteries, the main component of the positive electrode is lead dioxide, and the main component of the negative electrode is lead. In the charging state, the main component of both positive and negative electrodes is lead sulfate.
Advantages: Safe sealing, simple maintenance, stable quality, high reliability, and simple production process.
Disadvantages: poor cycle life, low density, long charging time, heavy weight, and environmental pollution.
2. Nickel chromium battery (Ni Cd):
Definition: The type of battery that was first applied to mobile phones, supercapacitors, and other devices, with good high current discharge characteristics, strong resistance to overcharging and discharging, and simple maintenance.
Advantages: cheap price, low internal resistance, no leakage, stable quality, high reliability, simple production process.
Disadvantages: Short lifespan, small capacity, environmental pollution, and memory effect.
3. Nickel hydrogen batteries (Ni MH):
Definition: Composed of hydrogen ions and metallic nickel.
Advantages: Low price, 30% more battery capacity than nickel cadmium batteries, lighter weight than nickel cadmium batteries, long service life, high lifespan, resistance to overcharging and overdischarging, no pollution to the environment, better low-temperature performance than lithium batteries, high recycling value.
Disadvantages: expensive price, low energy density, low nominal voltage, large self discharge, poor high-temperature charging performance, and inferior performance compared to lithium batteries.
4. Lithium Cell:
Definition: A type of battery that uses lithium metal or lithium alloy as the negative electrode material and a non-aqueous electrolyte solution. Batteries typically use manganese dioxide as the positive electrode material, lithium metal or its alloy metal as the negative electrode material, and non-aqueous electrolyte solutions.
Advantages: High energy density, long service life, high rated voltage, low self discharge rate, light weight, high power bearing capacity, strong adaptability to high and low temperatures, minimal water consumption in production, and no pollution to the environment.
Disadvantages: expensive price, unstable safety, and lithium cobalt oxide batteries cannot discharge at high currents.
Introduction to several commonly used lithium batteries:
1. Lithium manganese oxide (LiMn2O4):
Advantages: Low cost, good low-temperature performance, with an efficiency of over 90% in discharge at -20 ℃, excellent safety performance, and high rate capability.
Disadvantages: Poor high-temperature performance, low cycle life (normal life is about 300 to 400 times), low specific capacity (112 grams), and low energy density.
Industry: Electric vehicles.
2. Lithium cobalt oxide (LiCoO2):
Advantages: Stable performance, superior electrochemical performance, good consistency, and high tap density.
Disadvantages: General safety, high cost, and environmental pollution.
Industry: Mobile phones, laptops, and other portable electronic devices.
3. Lithium ion (NiCoMn) O2:
Advantages: High capacity (150. can save volume), good cycle life (600 to 700 times), and good rate discharge.
Disadvantage: The safety performance is the worst among lithium batteries (especially those with steel shells).
Industry: Electric vehicles.
4. Lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO4):
Advantages: Moderate price, moderate capacity (130), high cycle life (around 1500 times), good high-temperature performance, and good rate discharge.
Disadvantages: poor conductivity, expensive price, poor low-temperature discharge performance, can only fully demonstrate its superior performance in electric vehicles (can be fully charged in 6 minutes, can discharge 20 times), poor consistency.
Industry: Electric vehicles.
Summary: With the continuous improvement of lithium battery technology, the traditional lead-acid, nickel hydrogen, and nickel chromium battery markets are being rapidly replaced by lithium batteries.
4、 Requirements for batteries in explosion-proof places:
GB3836 and IEC60079 have clear requirements for batteries, but due to GB3836 falling behind international standards, the use of lithium batteries has not yet been relaxed.
Note 1: Most domestic certification agencies actually accept lithium battery equipment. Each agency has different requirements, but they all require third-party testing reports or testing within the organization.
Note 2: Intrinsic safety products will undergo random testing according to standards.
5、 The test report for lithium batteries in explosion-proof places is as follows:
1. GB31241-2014 "Safety Requirements for Lithium ion Batteries and Battery Packs for Portable Electronic Products".
Note: This standard is a mandatory national standard for portable lithium batteries.
2. MT/T 1051-2007 "Lithium ion batteries for mining lamps".
Note: This standard is for lithium batteries specifically designed for mining lamps.
3. QC/T 743-2006 "Lithium ion Batteries for Electric Vehicles".
Note: This standard is for lithium batteries used in electric vehicles.
4. IEC62133-2012 "Portable Sealed Secondary Single Cells and Batteries (Groups) Containing Alkaline or Non Acidic Electrolytes, Batteries (Groups) Composed of Cells, and Safety Requirements for Application in Portable Devices".
Note: This standard is an international standard for battery safety.
5. IEC61960-2012 "Secondary battery cells or batteries containing alkaline or other non acidic electrolytes: portable lithium secondary battery cells or batteries"
Note: This standard is mainly for battery performance, with a very long testing cycle (about 10 months), and is also a requirement for lithium batteries specified in international explosion-proof standards.
6、 Requirements for lithium batteries inside explosion-proof chambers:
1. There are protective devices to prevent high battery temperature and battery damage.
2. There are two ways to prevent polarity reversal or reverse charging by another battery in the same battery pack.
A、 Set up an over discharge protection device to monitor the voltage at both ends of a single battery or battery pack, and cut off the power supply when the voltage drops below the minimum voltage specified by the battery manufacturer.
B、 Connect a diode in parallel to each individual battery cell.
3. When a single battery or battery pack is allowed to be charged inside a flameproof enclosure, the battery should be equipped with a protective circuit to prevent overcharging.
4. Batteries are only allowed to be connected in series;
Please refer to GB3836.2-2010 for specific requirements, IEC60079： Requirement E in Appendix 1-2014.
7、 Requirements for increased safety chamber batteries (including non sparking type):
1. If a single battery needs to be charged in a hazardous location, the charging circuit should be considered as part of the equipment, and even if there is a fault in the charging system, the charging voltage and current cannot exceed the manufacturer's specified limits.
2. When more than 3 airtight single cells are connected in series, an over discharge protection circuit should be installed to prevent reverse charging of the single cells during discharge. (No more than 6 individual batteries should be connected in series and protected by an over discharge circuit).
3. Batteries are only allowed to be connected in series.
8、 Lead acid batteries:
IEC 60896-11
IEC 60254
IEC 60095-1
IEC 60896-21
IEC 60952
IEC 61427
IEC 61056-1
9、 Nickel chromium battery:
IEC 61951-1
IEC 60623
IEC 60622
10、 Nickel hydrogen batteries:
IEC 61951-2
11、 Other reporting standards:
1 MSGS（Material Safety Data Sheet）， Also known as Material Safety Data Sheet, chemical testing
2 UN38.3： The relevant provisions of the International Air Transport Association's Dangerous Goods Regulations have developed operational standards for rechargeable lithium batteries, namely UN38.3 safety testing
3. Lithium battery cell: UL 1642/UL E62133/CSA E62133
4. Household and commercial batteries: UL 2054/UL E62133/CSA E62133
5. CE Battery: EN55022,EN55024
6. FCC battery: Part 15B
7. PSE lithium battery: JIS C 8712，JIS C 8714
8. KC portable secondary lithium battery cells and batteries: K62133
9. BIS battery/portable power bank: IS16046
10. CTIA mobile phone battery, laptop battery: IEEE1725，IEEE1625
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